Maya Angelou Essay Essay

An inspirational woman is that who embraces her times of turmoil and converts them to a learning lesson. She does not fear smiling in order to cheer up another person even if inside she is hurting. This woman does not allow gender, age, or race to hinder her from exploring life just like other people who are more privileged compared to her. This inspirational woman is remembered for her encouraging words that no one should live life with a catcher’s mitt on both hands; however, one should be able to throw some things back. Drawing from her wise, honest, and persevering attitude, Maya Angelou is a phenomenon woman who is my inspiration. Maya Angelou endured sexual abuse, racial discrimination, and other impediments but she remained humbled around cultural, family, and community values. Maya Angelou was one of the most successful author, poet, and civil rights activist who were admired universally by many. She was famously known for her teachings using poetry and spoken word, wh ich highlighted the experiences of being an African-American woman leaving in the United States. Most of her works were also inspirational which helped to shape the modern-day prose and poetry (Haigh 1). The same kind of zeal and motivation that Maya exemplifies has helped me to handle any kind of challenge that I encounter and make it work for me, but not against me. When I saw Maya Angelou’s painting at the Charles H. Wright Museum, I began pondering whether Maya ever knew she would end up on exhibits, television shows, Broadway stages, traveling the world and being able to speak five languages fluently. It dawned on me that Maya being a proud woman helped her to become a motivator, but not her being a motivator that made her a proud woman. This character and charisma expressed by Maya inspired me to embrace where I have come from since it would have an impact on where I want to go (Haigh 2). Maya encouraged and inspired generations through her works and she brings out the meaning of the fact that age is just a number. Read more: Who do you admire essay Maya’s inspirational lessons remain an intrinsic part of the American culture even after her death in 2014 at the age of 86. Maya’s most inspiring poem, And Still I Rise, had a very significant passage that said, â€Å"You may shoot me with your words, you may cut me with your eyes, you may kill me with your hatefulness, but still, like air, I’ll rise† (Angelou 21). This passage inspired me to always endure every hardship and  obstacle in my quest of achieving my ambitions since everyone else also experiences setbacks that help them grow. Most people usually perceive that in order to have a motivator in one’s life you have to know the person personally; however, that is not the case. I believe that if a person inspires you without even having met the person in your life, it is an unparalleled gift. Angelou is a significant motivator among women and inspires them to always live their lives open-heartedly and be able to learn, and retain as much as they can and make a difference in someone else’s life. This is because â€Å"people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel† (Angelou 24). Works Cited Angelou, Maya. â€Å"Phenomenal Woman by Maya Angelou.† 3 January 2003.Thousands of Poems and Poets. Web. 4 February 2015. Haigh, Chris. 12 Inspiring Life Lessons From Maya Angelou. 6 April 2009. Web. 4 Februay 2015.

Arthur Reed Case Study Essay

This case study involves Arthur Reed who works for Blue Grocery Stores Incorporated as a warehouse supervisor (case study, 2010) and is having a difficult time fulfilling staffing requirements during the summer months he has tried some options that didn’t fulfill the needs of the business. This case study will help Arthur meet these goals. Staffing Issues The summer months were a staffing headache for the warehouse supervisor at Blue Grocery Stores Incorporated (case study, 2010). Everyone wanted to take their accrued vacation then. After all, summer time was the perfect time for family vacations and activities. What made this staffing issue a bigger headache was the fact that a significant number of employees were calling in for sick days during this time of year as well. Replacement workers hadn’t worked in the past so that’s another challenge to overcome. Options for Optimum Staffing The first suggestion would be for the company to pay for the costly steel-toed boots for the replacement workers and waive any union dues for the replacement workers (case study, 2010). If for some reason that didn’t work, the next suggestion in solving this staffing issue would be to hire a summer temporary force using college students. College students can always use extra money for school. I would suggest that the company to pay for the costly steel-toed boots, this would help attract more potential temporary employees for the summer months. The final option would be to adjust the warehouse hours for the summer time. Instead of working a day and afternoon shift, consolidate both teams of employees into one team with two different starting times, two hours apart. That will optimize the staffing, while eliminating the need to hire temporary employees for the summer. If corporations have to rely on temporary employees to fulfill the needs of the business, then they are risking the business objectives. Temporary employees are just that, temporary, and there is a strong possibility that the company performance would slip in relying on them. There could be compromises and arrangements made with the shipping and receiving of supplies so that the business goals are still obtained. This is the best option if successful, not only does it not rely on temporary employees to fulfill the business needs, this keeps the company budget down while maximizing the resources that are available.

Liberalization and Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Liberalization and Iraq - Essay Example This is a far cry from what previous eras had defined for the country. In present day the people of Iraq are alleviated from burdens of decades past. These burdens were emphasized to have been political rulings that had been placed on them in the form of cruel and cold dictatorships. The main focus now is in regard to what the political differences could be between this country and others, like Britain in particular. Also, what the exact characteristics of the country use to be in post WWII until now is another question that many are investigating and defining. So, it was the people as a whole society, and the past political differences into today that are the main focus of what is being defined in this literature. The history of Iraq speaks volumes in itself. Once known as the "Cradle of Civilizationi", it was given this title due to the diverseness of the land and the many ethnicities that were found there. Furthermore, there have been many conquerors of this land and thus many different political beliefs as well. From times dating back to 3360 it is found the Sumerians were in control of this region, then moving forward in time to 1534-1922 it is found that the Ottoman Empire (a Turkish power) ruled supreme over the territory thus influencing Iraq and its people to carry similar political beliefs of a Turkish belief systemii. This was of course until the Ottoman Empire collapsed during WWI and the British Political Party gained control over the region. However, times changed rather fiercely over a changing period, allowing for power of the land to continuously switch hands as wars took place (some religious and some between other countries), and various societal views changed. Nevertheless, the British Empire had a strong dominance in the Middle East for a good period of time. Furthermore, they had a good part to play in the Arab revolt that took place, due to the fact that they were trying to liberalize the politics and policies of the country and it simply wasn't something the Iraqi people wanted at that time. Therefore, the British forces realized that they were going to be up against a Muslim uprising due to their tactics. In many ways, this could be presumed to have been a form of independence instead of liberalization for the Middle Eastern part of the world, though not wholly so.iii It was during this period that there developed the identity of the Arabs and the Muslims. History shows that the Brits had the support of the Arabs on their side, which led to the religious war that was rather what took place in the Middle East during the period of WWI, WWII, and continuing on into post WWII. Obviously it was these very actions that led to the split in r eligious beliefs between Iran and Iraq. The Shiite, Kurd, and Sunni religions developed but what the Brits had hoped for did not take place as the Shiite people; nor any of the other groups were in favor of British political beliefs either and where found to be Anti-British just as much so as the Muslim Religious leaders wereiv. The reason for this was in a large part due to the huge religious differences between western thought (Britain) and the Iraqi's, as well as Iranian citizens. Some remarkable historical differences between Britain and the Iraqi people is the fact that the Iraqi's have lived their lives surrounded by

Should Abusive Parents Be Punished or Treated Research Paper

Should Abusive Parents Be Punished or Treated - Research Paper Example Parenting has usually been treated as a private issue in the United States, and the government has been hesitant to meddle with the rights of parents to care for or raise their children in their own way. Even though a number of laws have been implemented since the 1960s forbidding extreme parental cruelty against children, there is still, in reality, tremendous lenience for violence against children (Westman, 2007). These aggressive actions may not be viewed as abusive by some but are regarded as abuse by many professionals. Many states do not forbid parents from hitting their children. Yet, most states have laws that identify child abuse. The federal government has ratified the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) which establishes rules that the states should integrate into their child abuse laws (Wallace & Roberson, 2010). CAPTA mandates the designation of child abuse to add (Hirschy, Thompson, & Wilkinson, 2010, 2): â€Å"Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation, or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm†. In a research on cases of absence of supervision, many involved parents who entrusted their children to an incompetent guardian or caregiver or parents who totally abandoned their children. In 40% of the cases examined, dependable parents admitted: â€Å"they believed there was nothing wrong with what had happened† (Collins, 2006, 808). Moreover, the caseworkers who were instructed to evaluate the case documents thoroughly reported â€Å"that in more than half the cases†¦ the supervision problem was due to a lack of knowledge or poor judgment about the abilities or needs of children of a given age†.  Ã‚  

Spoken and written discourses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spoken and written discourses - Essay Example The word discourse is picked from the Latin term ‘discursus’ which is defined as ‘conversation, speech.’ From a linguistic point of view the term discourse is defined as a continuous stretch of language, which is larger than a sentence and often constitutes coherent units such as argument, joke, sermon, or narrative A discourse is not necessarily long; short conversations/ groans can be equally described as discourse just as a novel would. Discourses may be classified in many ways: written or spoken discourse; classification according to level of formality; classification according to genre; or classification according to the number of participants, whether on or many.For a conversation to be classified as a written or spoken discourse it needs to fulfill several criteria as Beaugrande (1981) explains. They include cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability, informativeness, situationality, and intersexuality. This paper compares the written and spok en discourses. Differences between Spoken and Written discourses The main difference between spoken and written discourse lies in the fact that spoken language must be understood immediately whereas written discourse can be referred to many times (Crystal 1997). Unlike in written discourses, which involves medium that keeps a record of its conveyed message, spoken discourse involves only air and thus conversation is possible only up to the moment it occurs. The speed of conversation also varies between the two mediums of discourse. In spoken discourse, the speaker uses the speed that is appropriate for him/her; such speed is not necessarily convenient for the listener. The speed in spoken discourses is usually varying but faster than in written discourses. Other differences may be classified into: Contextualization Spoken discourse offers a natural form of speech where the audience is usually present. This speech facilitates effective communication since the speakers are able to get feedback from their listeners. This, however, means that spoken discourse has more repetition as the audience asks for clarification on unclear points. Written discourse as Crystal (1997) explains has an audience that is usually farther away and mostly unknown. Writers experience some disconnect in relation to the audience since the audience is not nearby; the writers only try to imagine what their intended audience would appreciate. Such a distance makes writing discourses inherently more difficult compared to spoken discourses. However, some genres of spoken discourse such as academic discourse, have minimal context of shared content, no feedback is encouraged immediately. On the other hand, some written discourses also employ the feedback of the readers who provide background information of the discourses usually through interviews. Spontaneity Spoken discourses tend to be largely unorganized where topics can change at any moment; interruption and overlapping of communication ca n occur often (Halliday 1989). In the spoken discourses, speakers can ask for clarification as well as correct what has already been said. Written discourses, on the other hand, are more organized and grammatical (Halliday 1989). The audiences of written discourses only get the finished product and cannot make any modification or clarification. The written discourses are having limited ways of conveying their message; written discourses are more constrained. Lexical characteristics Spoken discourses have a lower percentage of different words than written discourses. Spoken discourses are marked with longer and more repetitions unlike written discourses where repetitions are limited. Spoken discourses generally have shorter, less complex phrases. They contain more verb-based phrases and less abstract words. In addition to this, they also contain more words that refer to the speaker (Halliday 1989). Written discourses, on the other hand, have a more complex lexical characteris

HR assingment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HR assingment - Essay Example In job based pay, employees lack flexibility as they have only acquired the skills needed for one particular job. In skill based pay an employee is provided different kinds of training to enhance the number skills he has and in job based pay, training is provided for one specific job so his skill sets remain restricted and limited. 2. Certain traits are associated with individuals conducting unsafe acts, with the aid and knowledge of proper screening and placement techniques, employers can employ individuals who are safe for the organization. While hiring employees, employers need to have knowledge of traits that help in predicting whether an employee is safe and harmless to the organization. For example employers can make use of ERI (Employee Reliability Inventory) while hiring employees to ensure that the applicant is safe for the organization (Hersen 151). The ERI helps in measuring how emotionally mature an individual is, the level of conscientiousness embedded in an applicant and how much control an individual has over his emotions. Other than using tests, employees can conduct background checks to ensure that the applicant is safe to hire. Employers can contact the organizations where an applicant was working previously and obtain information about his conduct in that organization to identify whether it is safe to hire a particular applicant or not. Employers can even obtain information about an employees conduct through law enforcement agencies to figure out whether an employee was previously involved in violent and criminal activities. 3. Stress in work environments are caused due to the availability of stressors. Stressors are recognized as factors that lead to increase in stress levels of employees. There are various stressors that lead to increased level of stress. These stressors include: time, workload, resources and competition (Proctor 259). Individuals end

Should doping be allowed in professional sports Essay

Should doping be allowed in professional sports - Essay Example It also does not offer equal opportunity in sports because of unfair advantage over others. Daniel Nasaw argues the best paid athletes can afford specialized doctors in doping that can help them avoid being detected. He intimates that the anti-doping campaign has tacitly increased use of performance-enhancing drugs and doping doctors have made it a lucrative business. Deborah Josefson presents the growing concern about the use of performance enhancing drugs in professional sports. The drugs include androstenedione and creatine which are dietary supplements available over the counter and most athletes often use them. Urban Wiesing argues whether doping should be allowed under the watch specialized physicians. He continues to ascertain that legalizing doping in competitive sport presents both positive and negative, and athletes should not take unnecessary risks with those drugs. Reginald Washington et al. talks about performance-enhancing drugs lacking evidence in children. He continues to say that performance enhancing drugs gets condemnation from the American Academy of Pediatricians. The article also defines performance-enhancing substances. Lastly, Hill, D.W. presents the technologies used in enhancing performance in sports. He presents the scientific issues, ethical and conceptual issues concerning doping. He also presents the use of technolog y to enhance doping in competitive

Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Case Analysis - Essay Example In relation to the case of Tratelemonioc, the appropriate remedy in response to the violation of NLRA is that the management should highly emphasize the participation of employees in terms of selecting issues committees or the members as well (National Labor Relations Board, 2014). The violation of NLRA does not mean reformation of the labor law in order to emphasize employee participation. In this case, adequate compliance with the NLRA policies and provisions regarding the formation of issues committees can lower the risk for the employees working in Tratelemonioc (National Labor Relations Board, 2014). With reference to an understanding of the case, the decision of the district court can be duly agreed in accordance with the overtime-pay requirement provisions in the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938 (Chamberlain, Kaufman and Jones, 2003). In relation to the policies of FLSA 1938, few occupations are exempted from the overtime pay with the purpose maintaining fair and equal pay distribution in response to the workload in the organization (Chamberlain, Kaufman and Jones, 2003). The most suitable ethical resolution to address the dilemma regarding the exemption from over-time pay in specific job profiles would be a process of compensating this particular group of employees. Providing reward for continuous contribution for working overtime can also be an effective ethical practice for the organization (United States Courts for the Ninth Circuit,

The Idea of Property in Land Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Idea of Property in Land - Essay Example As a rule, a thing, which is the object of "ownership", refers to property. Actually, one should know that property is not a thing but rather a relationship which is established in the result of property existence. For property, we can relate words, which describe a certain degree of power over some things and resources. In the legal context "usage property is not the land or thing but is in the land or thing"2. We can illustrate the example of a property with the word combination "a proper thing". Â  When someone has particular resources at a particular time it means that a thing owned is of infinitely gradable quality. Actually, interrelated relations define a myriad of property characteristics. Legal rights dictate the rights, which define if the land belongs to our "owners" or "strangers". It is possible to give a straightforward analysis of property in land. It can be claimed vice versa that to identify "property" one requires a certain degree of time and skills. Different perspectives can play a decisive role in legal nature identification. There are different ways of English law context identification and the main roles and models of "property" identification should be taken into account. Under conditions of the common law "property" can be understood as a certain allocation of social utility. The psycho-social nature of "property" understanding can be clarified under conditions of some hypothetical variants. To describe "possession" one can claim the following things: "a conclusion of law defining the nature and status of a particular relationship of control by a person over land"3. Â  

Analysis Research Paper On Food Trade Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Analysis On Food Trade - Research Paper Example Global food trade is increasing because of advancements in infrastructure, transportation, consumer demands and marketing networks. Consequentially, trade is expanding with the increases in global population as well as per capital. This has led to globalization of food production, agriculture corporatization and agriculture industrialization. Thesis statement The objective of this thesis is to analyze US food exports and imports. The issue of food export and import in US food system has been addressed with emphasis on agricultural trade as well as food production. In the United States, food import has increased as opposed to export, which is partly associated with the elevated global food trade. Americans’ high demand for imported foods has led to US reliance on other countries such as China as the principal supplier of food stuffs. If the current trend in food trade in the United States subsists, economists argue that the US economy is likely to be weakened because of high de bts accruing from numerous spending on food import. This paper also analyzes and identifies the global impacts of agriculture industrialization, corporatization as well as globalization of food production. The approach in food production results to benefits as well as adverse outcomes both to the consumer and producer. Although agriculture industrialization, corporatization and globalization of food production generate productivity and economic benefits, they are associated with several detrimental effects on social, ecological as well as economic realms. Furthermore, historical and modern perspectives of economics are analyzed in this paper as they relate to resource utilization and sustainability. Although economists’ perceptions on sustainable agriculture vary, they are usually founded on the principle of profitability and humans’ capacity to find alternative resources as well as solutions to their problems. Several individuals have analyzed economics perspectives o f sustainability with minimal interest on variations between historical and modern economics perspectives. Methodology In this research, an analytical approach was adopted based on information or data provided in various secondary sources. The data concerning food trade was analyzed to assess the composition as well as trend of both imports and exports. The reports in food trade database were accessed and evaluated to identify the consumption behaviors of Americans. Information on various websites such as those owned by food trade regulation bodies provided substantial data for the analysis research on food trade. Research findings contained in various sciences journal articles and books provided a substantial account for global effects of agriculture industrialization, corporatization as well as globalization of food production. They also provided information on historical and modern economist’s perspectives on sustainability, which are analyzed herein. Discussion Global imp acts of agriculture industrialization, corporatization and globalization of food production Globalization of food production Globalization of food production has been in existence for centuries. It is characterized by the exchange of resources and food stuffs between countries in different regions. The development was brought about by standardization of techniques used in food production, technology advancement, improvements in transport systems, and reduction of trade

Relative ethics Essay Example for Free

Relative ethics Essay Relative ethics is where decisions are made with the circumstances in mind. For instance the culture and traditions of the place, the individuals, and society. Examples of relative ethics is utilitarianism and situation ethics. Relative ethics can be seen to be a fair approach to decision making because it is tolerant of different values, it is more realistic that nothing is right or wrong, it is more open to atheists, and is considers emotions as important. However it is more complex and makes decisions harder, it can be used as an excuse to act in an immoral way, it implies that we should not have laws and it does not protect worldwide human rights. Relative ethics is tolerant of different cultures. For example just because in one place it is considered wrong for women to have an education in one country e.g. Islamic countries, it doesn’t mean that in the UK women should not have an education. The UK is not morally superior and should not try to implement its own morals on any other country. This may seem fair in one way but it actually means that any act can be acceptable and doesn’t protect our human rights, sexism is wrong and women should never be discriminated against no matter their religion. Some laws need to be absolute. Someone in a different country may claim that for example kidnap and torture are part of their culture, but we know this is wrong. Relative ethics can be seen as fair because in it there are no absolute objective rights or wrongs. The right thing to do depends on the situation. For example, if a woman stole food out of greed then it would be wrong. However if she stole food to feed her starving children then this is right. It is fairer than absolute ethics because an absolutist would say that the woman shouldn’t steal even if he children are dying of starvation. Obviously, this is wrong and so the relativist view if a fairer approach to decision making The idea that there are no objective rights or wrongs can make relative decision making a slow process. In Utilitarianism, the consequences of each option have to be predicted and consequences. When each individual situation has to be considered, it can cause complications and ensuring every person gets a good result is difficult. Some may argue that the time it takes to make a decision about the morality of an act is causes those involved more suffering and is unjust. In conclusion I think that relative ethics is the best approach to making fair ethical decisions. However, I believe that some actions are wrong no matter the culture or time or individual. For example, discrimination is always wrong and torture of innocents and kidnapping is wrong. Despite this, relative ethics is tolerant of all cultures and does not believe that in any situations that one persons or country’s morals are superior to anothers.

Copper Recovery Methods From Metallurgical Waste

Copper Recovery Methods From Metallurgical Waste REVIEW OF COPPER RECOVERY METHODS FROM METALLURGICAL WASTE Apurva Patel, Prof. Nimish Shah Abstract: Copper is one of the most used metals in recent developments and demand of this red metal is increasing with passing of each day. Production of copper is 12 million tons per year and copper reserves are expected to run for 25 years with the estimated world copper reserves of 300 million tons. Recovery of copper from metallurgical waste is a trend that is being followed from beginning of industrial age and has many developments over a large time frame. Out of all the copper used in existing process, 2 million tons of copper is utilized with recycling of copper waste. Copper ore reserve contribution of India is limited and extended up to 2 percent of world reserve. We can say that copper has a large amount at our reserves but excavation is not as simple as it seems. Copper content in the raw mines is ranging from 0.5 to 1 percent. Even after recovery of copper there is large waste generated at the end of the process. Copper content in the waste is up to 0.3 percent at the dis charge. Ultimately around hundred times of waste is generated for recovery of one part of copper. That pushes forward the need of recycling copper from metallurgical waste to cater the need of increasing copper demand. Copper recovery from high copper containing metallurgical wastes like brass industries are generally dealt with smelting process. In such case large amount of energy is utilized to just melt down all the material. This process has a limitation of copper content i.e. if copper content is low then all the energy is utilized in melting of undesired material. Demand for electroplating of copper has increased significantly. Low efficiency or improper process handling causes remarkably high copper content in waste discharge, which is over the range of discharge criteria of heavy metals. So to control the increasing price of metals and to limit the use of fresh copper, recycling must be done so the recovery from waste also gives the advantage of being in range of the allowab le government legislations. Though these hazardous heavy metals in electroplating waste having concentration high enough to give harmful impacts to environment but convincingly low concentration that is not enough to recover these metals effectively. In this paper, overview of different methods for copper recovery is illustrated and justified the selection of different methods over different copper content of various sources. Keywords— Copper extraction, Copper recovery, Electroplating, Recycling, I. INTRODUCTION Increasing demand of copper gives elevated chances for generating copper waste from different industries. There are thousands number of industries existing which includes utilization or processing of copper. In this paper, review of several most copper containing waste and most optimum copper recovery methods are described. Waste source is targeted which gives better possibilities of copper recovery and ease of operation. Several metallurgical source like; brass slag, copper converter slag, electroplating waste, bonze scrap and pickling solution is included in the study. II. Copper recovery from Copper slag There are different verities of slag produced from smelters for non-ferrous production. Major emphasis is given to copper slag as it has equal to or higher copper content compared to raw copper ore. Generation and utilization of copper slag has higher environment impacts compared to steel and iron slag as they contain remarkable quantity of heavy metals with higher solubility. Chemical composition of copper slag varies with different origins. Chemical composition is given as per Shen Forssberg, 2003[1] in table 1. TABLE I Chemical composition of copper slag There are specific three methods to recover copper from copper slag; Floatation, Leaching and Roasting Floatation Barnes (1993) [2] has given industrial floatation process at Mount Isa Mines Limited to recover copper from copper slag. Grinding operation is applied until obtain the granular size of 80%- 74  µm before floatation. Floatation is also feasible for magnetite present in the raw copper slag, so hydroxy ethyl cellulose is used in the process as a depressant of magnetite impurities. MIBC is used in the process as froather agent and sodium sec-butyl xanthate is used as a collector of copper from the waste. The result of this process gives concentrate grade copper with high percentage as 42.54%. Overall yield of such process is 82%. This experiment is observed for copper slag containing 3.7% copper. In this experiment most of Co is observed with floatation tail. Mainly, copper slag floatation is somewhat similar with sulfide ore floatation because of the fact that only metallic copper and sulfide minerals from the copper slag can only be effectively floated. In other slag copper is usually observed under oxide state and Co and Ni are also in oxide state because of its homogeneous distribution in the slag. So the stated method will not be utilized effectively with Co, Ni and oxide copper state. Therefore the span for the floatation process is reduced in size as less quantity of Co, Ni must be present in the slag or copper must not be in the form of oxide. Leaching Leaching is used with some leachants mainly hydrochloric acid, ferric chloride, ammonia, sulphuric acid etc. Basire at al anand at all [3]. In the initial era cyanide was also used but it was terminated because of its harmful effects to environment. Leaching is positively influenced by addition of H2O2, or leaching with Cl2/Cl system, or pressure leaching. Figure 1 shows effect of H2O2 on leaching of copper based on the experiments of Base metal recovery [4] Figure 1. Kinetics of copper recovery Graph showing metal recovery with highly oxidising agent like H2SO4 for copper slag. Experiment is carried out with 10% solid in solution and particle size less than 100  µm. Experiment is carried out at 70 oC and pH maintained at 2.5 with applied H2O2 at 35 L/(h.t) Pressure leaching has broadly described by anand et al [4]. Study shows that with pressure leaching and use of dilute H2SO4 recovery of copper about 90% achieved from copper converter slag from the initial concentration of 4.03% Cu. Roasting Roasting is actually one intermediate step which involves the process for converting the copper in desired form that can be easily separated from the raw material. After application of roasting, Leaching or floatation must be used to achieve desired separation. If we narrow down the process criteria then we can say a lot more specific term as sulfate roasting instead of roasting. In this process conversion of cupper cobalt ant nickel is taking place and transformed into more feasible soluble sulfates. Raw material is processed at 200-600 oC by addition of sulfide or sulfate agents. Then these soluble sulfates are dissolved in water and easily separated from slag. Some of the agents used in the process are, (NH3)SO4, H2SO4, H2S, pyrite etc. Sulfurization reactions are summarized as bellow. Cu2O + H2S = Cu2S + H2O †¦(1) 2Cu + H2S +  ½ O2 = Cu2S + H2O †¦(2) Sulfides of copper are then easily converted to soluble copper sulfate with roasting at 600oC. Ziyadanogullari used this method to treat copper slag containing 2.4% copper. By sulfurization in closed system with 140oC for 1 hour and then heating and roasting with 600oC for 360 minutes gives better result for recovery of copper up to 99.2%. SCHEMCON-20141 | Page

The Brief History and Background of Petronas

The Brief History and Background of Petronas Petronas is an acronym for Petroliam Nasional Berhad. It was established in 17 August 1974 as the national oil company for Malaysia. Petronas which is wholly owned by the government it is the corporation which is vested with the entire oil and gas resources in Malaysia and is entrusted with the responsibility of developing and adding value to these resources. Petronas has grown from just being the manager or the regulator of Malaysias upstream sector into a fully integrated oil and gas production. PETRONAS have been ranked among the FORTUNE Global 500 ® the largest corporations in the world. Since it was invested PETRONAS has grown to be an international oil and gas company with business interests in 31 countries. As of the end of March 2005, the Petronas Group comprised 103 wholly-owned subsidiaries, 19 partly-owned outfits and 57 associated companies. Together, these companies make the Petronas Group, which is involved in various oil and gas based activities. The Group is engaged in a wide spectrum of petroleum activities, including upstream exploration and production of oil and gas to downstream oil refining; marketing and distribution of petroleum products; trading, gas processing and liquefaction, gas transmission pipeline network operations, marketing of liquefied natural gas, petrochemical manufacturing and marketing, shipping, automotive engineering and property investment. PETRONAS is doing its business with the major strategy of integration, adding value and globalization. Their major facets of business integration are Exploration and Production; Oil, Gas, Petrochemicals, Logistics and Maritime, Research and Technology and Corporate Sustainability. The market structure of PETRONAS in this context means how PETRONAS fit into the oligopoly market. I will be discussing the characteristics of an oligopoly market and see how PETRONAS match the characteristics. Just to recap oligopoly is the market structure thats has few producers that produce same type of goods and substitute with each other. Examples of oligopoly are Oil industry which I believe PETRONAS fall under this industry, car industry and cigarette industry. The market is dominated by a few large producers of a homogenous or differentiated product. CHARACTERISTICS OF OLIGOPOLY PETRONAS Type of the product is standardized or differentiated Control over price is limited by mutual interdependence, or it is considerable with collusion Conditions of entry has significant obstacles Non-price competition is typically a great deal with product differentiation. The table above clearly shows that indeed PETRONAS fit into the oligopoly market structure as it fulfils most of the oligopoly characteristics. THE MAJOR PLAYERS OF PETRONAS Petroliam Nasional Berhad  (PETRONAS) is 100% owned by Government of Malaysia via Minister of Finance (Inc.). THE CURRENT TRENDS OF PETRONAS Petronas have gained unique skill and proficiency in nation building and this, together with their technical and operational competencies have allowed it to be increasingly accepted as the preferred strategic partner by international companies and the congregation countries where Petronas operate. This really suggests that Petronas is realizing their vision of becoming a Leading Oil and Gas Multinational of Choice. Petronas has transformed from a domestic-based national oil company into a fully integrated oil and gas multinational corporation and as a corporation it has experienced significant milestones. Below are just some of the highlights of the different years. Year Achievements 2006 Signed a joint concession agreement for the North Sidi Kirir Deep offshore exploration block in the Nile Delta, Egypt. 2007 Increased its equity holding in the APA Group to become the single largest shareholder in one of Australias biggest energy transmission and Distribution Company. 2008 Signed the main principles towards a new PSC with ExxonMobil Exploration and Production Malaysia Inc and PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd that would allow the two PSC partners to continue their upstream participation in seven oil fields offshore Peninsular Malaysia. 2009 PETRONAS Dagangan Berhad marked its first biodiesel (B5) delivery to Ministry of Defense (MINDEF) and Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL), an initiative in support of the Malaysian Biofuel Industry Act 2007. PETRONAS Australia Pty Ltd increased its equity holding to 17.23% in the APA Group, making it the single largest shareholder in Australias leading gas transmission and Distribution Company. (Table 1: achievements of Petronas between 2006 and 2009, source: www.petronas.com ) What can be concluded from the above table is that PETRONAS is going places; its market is growing tremendously and there is no doubt that it is not shrinking. PETRONAS have expanded its market to over 30 countries around the world. It has been accepted as the strategic partners by those countries that they are developing their petroleum industry. HOW DOES TECHNOLOGY AFFECT PETRONAS Today we live in a world that is controlled by technology. Almost everything that is done there should be technology included in the process. Petronas as well is significantly being affected by the technological changes that are currently happening worldwide. Looking upon the globalization practices that PETRONAS are currently undertaking, technology is affecting this whole process of the organization. When Petronas is producing using technology, production will be more efficient and that will result in supply being increased. That means due to the advance in technology the supply curve for PETRONAS will increase. Price P 2 P 1 Q 2 Q1 Quantity supplied Diagram 1: how technological changes affect the supply of Petronas However, technology is not the only factor of production existing in the producers plant. There exist more complex interrelationships between these factors to be able to exploit the improved efficiency of one. The most crucial of all is governing human resources. Without proper guidance from the leaders of a firm, production efficiency will not hold because of resistance, de-motivation or just a plain technological ignorance. Technology is not 100% automated and human intervention as well as errors is inevitable. Moreover, technology may also be intended for a specific segment of the industry, say, large corporations. As such, aggregate supply may not necessarily increase because small entrepreneurs who cannot afford to buy the technology cannot contribute in increasing supply. PETRONAS ADVERTISING STRATERGIES PETRONAS just like any company it needs to draw its business to its potential customers so as such there are certain advertising ways that they use to reach out to its customers and the country as a whole. The advertising strategy that PETRONAS has used is a heart strings commercials, (which of course is advertising using the television as the type of media), this means that PETRONAS has used commercials that often create an emotional ambience that draws you to the advertisement and makes you feel great and or so sad. Normally people are more attracted by products that make them feel good or even sad in some cases. PETRONAS has used one of its commercial the PETRONAS Advertisement: Raya 2006 that has touched so many and the video was uploaded on you tube. Even people who watch a lot of PETRONAS advertisements have said that they enjoy watching them and they are always eager for the new advertisements. Petronas also make commercials for every festival that are always happening in Mala ysia example could be of the 49th  Merdeka  Day. The other way that PETRONAS use to advertise is through billboards and newspapers. For billboards as you drive along the road you will find huge boards advertising PETRONAS and by such somebody can come to know about PETRONAS through this way. COLLABORATIONS WITH OTHER MARKETS Petronas is collaborating with some markets and this makes PETRONAS more popular among other markets that they are interacting with. EDUCATION PETRONAS recognize the value of education and it believes that it can develop human capability through education. As such Petronas is collaborating with the education sector in the form of awarding sponsorship loans to local and international students. The Petronas unit that is responsible for handling education matters is called the Education Sponsorship Unit. The sponsorship is in the form of convertible loan. Based on the academic results, co-curricular activities, the family back ground and the assessment of the students personality PETRONAS just dont give out sponsorship but it has criteria that students should meet. PETRONAS has 6 human and capital development programs in Malaysia and abroad. These programs are Educational Training Institutions: In this program Petronas provide world-class educational and training services to people and the nation through the various institutions they have established such as University Technology PETRONAS (UTP), Academy Laut Malaysia, (ALAM )PETRONAS Management Sdn Bhd (PERMATA) and Institute Technology Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP). Education Sponsorship Unit: This is the unit that is responsible for handling education matters. PETRONAS e-learning: control the latest information and communication technology (ICT) to provide online training and development programs for Petronas employees. It also offers a wide range of online learning materials, online courses as well as services including eLearning courseware and portal development, designed for professionals. Petrosains: This interactive Science Discovery Centre that encourages the Malaysian public to learn more about science, and explore the infinite possibilities it offers. Schools Outreach: this is a program where PETRONAS outreach for certain schools and invests a considerable effort and resources into education-based outreach activities to inspire and develop the community. Industrial Training: this is the program in which PETRONAS grant students opportunities to partake structured Industrial training. Students that have awarded the sponsorship after they finish their tertiary studies have their convertible loans converted into full scholarship. These students have a binding contract with Petronas that after they finish school they work for the company for two years and for every year they are sponsored. MOTORSPORT Petronas was one of the main sponsors of the BMW Sauber formula one team and it provides fuel and lubricant to the team. Lately last year it was confirmed that it was moving from BMW to the newly-formed Mercedes Grand Prix. Also it is the main sponsor of the Malaysian Grand Prix and the co-sponsors of the Chinese Grand Prix. As part of its corporate social responsibility program, Petronas also brings underprivileged children to watch the race. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION PETRONAS is a company which falls under the oligopoly type of market structures. Wholly owned by the government, PETRONAS is the countrys one of the company that provide petroleum and gas for the country. PETRONAS from its previous years it has been growing nationwide and worldwide as it has some of its products being used in other countries even outside Asia and as far as Egypt in Africa. It is making a whole lot of profits from its products and as such the country benefits a lot from it. PETRONAS does not only care for the production of petroleum and gas but also collaborate with other markets such as education and provide sponsorship loans to those students which need them. PETRONAS also have established various institutions as their main aim is to enrich the nation with quality education. PETRONAS also participate in somehow entertainment market as it is one of the main sponsors of the newly-formed Mercedes Grand Prix and also main sponsor of the Malaysian Grand Prix. RECOMMENDATIONS As PETRONAS is wholly owned by the government and it has been the company that the government has been focusing on, I recommend that it merge with other energy company which is Tenaga Nasional Berhad. If the government for the next decade focuses on Biomass, PETRONAS should merge with companies such as Sime Derby which was recognized as the biomass champion, as I believe this effort coupled with reengineering technology, will reap a sustainable company that will have a good impact for both energy and food sector in Malaysia.

Women Of Ancient Greece Essay -- essays research papers

The Women of Greece: A Transition from Ancient Power to Classical Subservience   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the most part, women in today's society hold a position equal to that of a man; however, this has not always been the case. Women?s conquest for political and social freedom is a battle that has gone on for centuries. Perhaps the breaking point in women?s liberation was the Women's Movement of the 1900's, which encouraged women all over America to join in the fight for their right to vote. Because of this struggle for equality, women are now able to vote, receive a standard of fairness in the workplace, hold political positions, and play professional sports, as well as a wide array of other privileges enjoyed by men. Unfortunately, these civil rights have not been made available to women worldwide. In some cultures, especially those of the Middle East, women have gained little if any rights at all since the societies of the past. In Greece, an almost opposite effect can be seen in its history in which women in their country went from being recognized as equals and above, to becoming a much weaker sex. This odd transition of status of Greek women is evident through the art, mythology, and philosophy of a much older Greece. Thus dominant role of women portrayed in Ancient Greek mythology and artwork is in direct contrast to the more subservient role of women during the classical era in Greece.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ancient Greece, otherwise known as the Archaic period (650-450 B.C.), was a time of great development for Greece. The first major developments in Greece were cities or towns and their surrounding villages called city-states(Greece 366). Much rivalry consisted between city-state residents which resulted in a great deal of patriotism for one?s city-state. Some of the best known city-states are Athens and Sparta (Greece 366).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During this time of growth, numerous tyrants came into control of the city-states. These tyrants caused the people to become bitterly rebellious, which later ended in revolt and the birth of the first known democratic government (Greece 372).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  City-states were once again threatened by takeover in the 500?s B.C., when Persian kings tried to overrun the city-states; however, the city-states revolted against the Persian kings. These uprisings did nothing more ... ...n of the Classical period, which is illustrated throughout the artwork. Amazon women (refer to Plate 5), who were depicted as being able to fight with men, were greatly symbolic of women?s power in ancient Greece. In a painting from the House of Dioscurides (see Plate 12), Perseus slays the dragon to free Andromeda, which reveals the woman?s dependency on a man. When comparing artwork of the Classical and Archaic period, one can see the transition that these Grecian women went through.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The struggle that some women have had to face for common rights that are enjoyed by women today is incredible. Many owe thanks, to those that have fought for civil rights so that equality can be enjoyed by everyone. Unfortunately, there are still many countries who suffer from a lack of true freedom. The transition that Greece went through in their attitude towards women is much different than any other cultures, in which women usually gain rights and respect not lose them. The woman portrayed in Archaic art, mythology and philosophy is one of power and grace, while the woman portrayed in Classical art, law and philosophy is one of subservience and weakness.

Martin Luther King Jr. Essay :: biographies bio biography

The Key to Being King Martin Luther King Jr. has changed today's society by giving women and men of color the inspiration they needed to succeed in life and he set the stage for more opportunities in America. He may be an example of what your fate is when you try your hardest to achieve your dreams, but there is no doubt that his legacy to obtain equal rights is not still carrying on today. He has also shown that hard-work and diligence is the key to achieving your dreams and his way of thinking during the Civil Rights Movement gives you an idea about being passive aggressive without using violence . Before it all, racism, discrimination, and segregation were overlooked and were norms throughout society. Mr. King decided to be a voice for all people that believed everyone should have equal opportunity, and by doing this Martin Luther King was not considered a hero in that era. While most people thought of the American Dream, Mr. King had a dream of his own, in his famous speech he quotes, ?one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers? (King). Mr. King gave a strong speech to support his cultural values, and to be a voice for all the people who believed in the Civil Rights Movement. Mr. King?s cultural values were for social change and for the way of life to be better for everyone. He addressed the fact that using violence is not the right way to resolve anything, but that the principle of love will win battles. Although Mr. King?s personal life seemed to have many rumors attached, he still had strong moral values about equality, and what was right and wrong in the world we live in. He used peace, integrity, diligence, and expected the best for society to change. During his demonstrations Mr. King received many threats, beatings, and arrests, this clearly showed me that he was not considered a hero to most people during his time period (The Seattle Times). He and the other Civil Rights activist put in time and effort to get their points across to the public and to change the nation. In the beginning of his speech he says, ? I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation?

Movie Violence Essay -- essays research papers

Since I am not a fan of viewing blood, and the violent actions that causes it; I decided to watch a movie in which the violence is less grotesque. The movie that I chose to watch was â€Å"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.† I chose this movie because I have recently read that the children’s book series Harry Potter has been rated amongst the most violent books meant for young readers.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If you look at â€Å"Harry Potter† through a uses and gratifications perspective, children would most likely watch the first â€Å"Harry Potter† for entertainment, but continue to follow the series out of curiosity. Since â€Å"Harry Potter† is an ongoing series that is continually publicized by the media; more children want to know what it is about, so therefore in order to ease their curiosity they watch the movie. The more a child watches of â€Å"Harry Potter† the more of a Harry Potter fan he or she becomes. Since Harry Potter is now becoming a role model for these kids, they will eventually start to play Harry Potter, and most likely mimic what they see in the movies. Most of the scenes in the â€Å"Harry Potter† series contain at least one or more acts of violence. One of the worst scenes in Harry Potter is one that includes two of the professors, and their demonstration on how to battle with their wands. After their demonstration they also c hose two students; Harry and Malfoy, to do a student demonstration. This scene practically tells children that are viewing it that it is oka...

Local and Foreign Entertainment Appreciation Essay

Our topic for research is about â€Å"Level of Appreciation of Filipino Teenagers between Foreign Entertainment and Local Entertainment in terms of Television Shows.† Nowadays, people have different ways of entertaining themselves. Entertainment consists of any activity affording pleasure, diversion, or amusement. Entertainment can be in passive such as watching movies or active forms such as sports. It also provides a lot of fun and enjoyment. In today’s technologically advanced living style, people have no time to spend for leisure. Life is too fast and the people have little time to spend with their friends and family. Unlike the good old days where people used to work and relax, go back home and have a good time with the friends, people nowadays tend to move with the work. Entertainment has an important role in socialization, relaxation, family ties, community structure and forms of expression beyond sheer logic. It strengthens the emotional ties between individuals and around groups of individuals. A well rounded individual, and also society as a whole, benefits from many activities and interest beyond those just needed to provide food and shelter. One form of entertainment is mass media. Mass media refers collectively to all media technologies which are used for mass communications (delivering messages to a large audience), and to the organizations which control these technologies. Included in this collection is television. Television nowadays has a great effect, especially in entertainment. As stated in previous paragraphs, entertainment has a lot of importance and it is expressed in many ways. Also, it can influence the lives of the people, especially in terms of our country, which may be considered a small country in some terms. There is no doubt that we can see a trend towards a global culture but westerns dominate. Our traditional culture is overwhelmed by the â€Å"Western† kinds of entertainments in our country, especially when it comes to television shows. It is obvious that poor countries do not have adequate resources like skills, technology, funds and human resources to develop their own high quality TV programs. Due to these limitations of local production, educated people may complaint more about inappropriate supplies. At the same time the lower educated people and children accept the harmful culture directly. On the other hand, if majority imported shows and entertainments still dominate the whole market, it will affect the creative ideas by native talented producers because of limited resources. This will show now if a student chooses our locally-made television shows or those famous shows in abroad.

Cost-Quality Relationship Essay

There are three types of costs when quality considerations are made: Appraisal Costs, Prevention Costs, and Failure Costs. These costs are affiliated with the efforts of process improvement and are also known as quality costs or cost of quality. Appraisal costs are associated with measuring, evaluating or auditing products and services to satisfy quality and performance requirements set by the company. Examples of this cost include inspection and testing of purchases material, final inspections, audits for products and services, and testing equipment. Prevention costs are associated with all activities designed to prevent and stop poor quality in the products and services provided to the customers. Examples of this cost include new product review, supplier surveys, capability evaluations, improvement projects, education and training. Failure costs result from products and services that did not meet the quality standards and requirements set by the company. They divided into two categories: Internal Failure Costs and External Failure Costs. Internal failure costs occur before delivery and shipment of product and/or before services are performed to the customer. Examples of this cost include scrap,  rework, retesting, re-inspecting, reviewing the material and downgrading. External failure costs occur after delivery and during or after providing the service to the customer. Examples of this cost include reviewing and processing customer complaints, customer returns, claims based on warranty, and recalls. The total quality costs are the sum of the appraisal, prevention, and failure costs. This will represent the difference between the actual costs of the product and/or service. The trade-offs between the appraisal, prevention, and failure costs are relevant. Some believe when the prevention costs are increased , the appraisal and failure costs will decrease substantially. This means that the total costs will be lower. Others say that if they spend too much on quality, it will reduce the money available for other projects such as upgrades to technology.

Poems of John Donne Essay

In contrast to â€Å"The Flea†, Donne uses metaphors in â€Å"The Broken Heart† in order to show his true bitterness towards love. As J. B. Leishman tells us â€Å"At one time, then, he really thought that there was such a thing as true love and faithfulness in woman, that them was something in the chivalrous devotion of Spenser and the sonneteers. Then he was deceived, was for a time inflamed with hatred and bitterness†. This is clearly shown in â€Å"The Broken Heart† as he uses the metaphor of broken glass as he says † at one first blow did shiver it as glasse†. This reflects the idea of heartbreak as he compares this to the shattering of glass. He goes on to explain how â€Å"though they be not unite; And now as broken glasses show A hundred lesser faces† He is explaining how his heart can reflect different lovers, yet it is still broken. This shows that Donne is using metaphor in order to clearly explain his true emotions and not just to startle his audience. He explains how â€Å"ragges of heart can like, whish and adore, But after one such love, can love no more† This tells us that Donne can never love again now that his heart has already been broken. The metaphor of glass and rags clearly explains that once a heart is broken; though it can be fixed it will never be the same. This tells us that Donne uses metaphors in order to express his true emotions and not just to startle his audience. Critic R. G Cox states that ‘At its best the metaphysical conceit communicates a unified experience; what matters is the sense of imaginative pressure and intensity. ‘ I believe this view is clearly illustrated by Donne’s use of the flea as a conceit. Through this conceit Donne clearly expresses his opinion of his mistress’s chastity and not only startles the reader but sets up a witty and entertaining argument. This is also illustrated in the metaphors used in â€Å"The Broken Heart† as Donne expresses his true emotions about his heartbreak with â€Å"imaginative pressure and intensity†. 1,869 words. 1 A. H Welsh John Donne: The Critical Heritage – Vol. 2 Book by Professor A. J. Smith, Catherine Phillips; Routledge, 1996 2Knowles & Moon (2006) introducing metaphor, (pp 2-6), Abington Rouledge 3R. G Cox, Poems of John Donne.

Hartwell Genetics Ch. 13 Study Guide

Chapter 13—Chromosomal Rearrangements and Changes in Chromosome Number Reshape Eukaryote Genomes Fill in the Blank |1. |Events that reshape genomes by reorganizing the DNA sequences within one or more chromosomes are known as ____________________. | |Ans: |rearrangements | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |2. |____________________, duplications, inversions, translocations, and movements of transposable elements are all types of | | |rearrangements of chromosomal material. |Ans: |Deletions | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |3. |Very large deletions are visible at the relatively low resolution of a __________________, showing up as the loss of one or more| | |bands from a chromosome. | |Ans: |karyotype | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |4. |Changes in gene ____________________, the number of times a given gene is present in the cell nucleus, can create a genetic | | |imbalance. |Ans: |dosage | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |5. |An unpaired bulge of one member of a homologous pair of chromosomes durin g prophase of meiosis I is known as a | | |____________________. | |Ans: |deletion loop | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | 6. |A recessive mutation in the mouse that prevents homozygous animals from walking in a straight line is known as the | | |____________________ gene. | |Ans: |shaker-1 | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |7. |When repeats of a region lie adjacent to each other they are called ____________________ duplications. |Ans: |tandem | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |8. |Inversions that include the centromere are termed ____________________. | |Ans: |pericentric | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | 9. |Inversions that exclude the centromere are termed ____________________. | |Ans: |paracentric | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |10. |A crossover product that lacks a centromere is known as a(n) ____________________fragment. | |Ans: acentric | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |11. |The type of large-scale mutation in which parts of two different chromosomes trade places is a ____________________ | | |transloc ation. | |Ans: |reciprocal | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |12. |____________________ is the enzyme that catalyzes transposition. |Ans: |Transposase | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |13. |Organisms with four copies of a particular chromosome (2n+2) are ________________. | |Ans: |tetrasomic | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |14. |Down syndrome is also known as ____________________. |Ans: |trisomy 21 | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |15. |If a tetraploid derives all of its chromosome sets from the same species, we call this kind of polyploid a(n) | | |____________________. | |Ans: |autopolyploid | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | Multiple Choice |16. |Which of the following are considered chromosomal rearrangements? |A) |inversions | |B) |duplications | |C) |deletions | |D) |translocations | |E) |all of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  E | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |17. |Which of the following removes material from the genome? |A) |inversions | |B) |duplications | |C) |deletions | |D) |translocations | |E) |n one of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |18. |Which of the following adds material to the genome? |A) |inversions | |B) |duplications | |C) |deletions | |D) |translocations | |E) |none of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  B | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |19. The type of chromosomal rearrangement which reorganizes the DNA sequence within one chromosome is known as a(n): | |A) |inversion | |B) |duplication | |C) |deletion | |D) |translocation | |E) |none of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  A | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |20. |In general, which of the following usually has a greater chance of lethality than the others? |A) |inversion | |B) |duplication | |C) |deletion | |D) |translocation | |E) |all have an equal chance | | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |21. |Sometimes a piece of one chromosome attaches to another chromosome.This is known as a(n): | |A) |inversion | |B) |duplication | |C) |deletion | |D) |translocation | |E) |none of the above | | |Ans:   Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |22. |Sometimes a part of the genome moves from chromosome to chromosome.This is known generally as a(n): | |A) |inversion | |B) |duplication | |C) |deletion | |D) |translocation | |E) |transposable element | | |Ans:  Ã‚  E | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |23. |Rearrangements and changes in chromosome number may affect gene activity or gene transmission by altering the | | |________________________ of certain genes in a cell. |A) |position | |B) |order | |C) |number | |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |24. |Karyotypes generally remain constant within a species because: | |A) |rearrangements occur frequently. | |B) |changes in chromosome number occur infrequently. | |C) |genetic instabilities produced by genomic changes usually are at a selective disadvantage. | |D) |genetic imbalances are often at a selective advantage. | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |25. |Despite selection against chromoso mal variations: | |A) |related species almost always have the same karyotype. | |B) |related species almost always have a different karyotype. | |C) |closely related species diverge by many chromosomal rearrangements. | |D) |distantly related species diverge by only a few chromosomal rearrangements. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  B | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |26. In higher organisms, using genetic analysis is usually difficult to distinguish small deletions in one gene from: | |A) |heterozygotes. | |B) |small duplications. | |C) |monosomies. | |D) |point mutations. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |27. |For an organism to survive a deletion of more than a few genes, it must carry a nondeleted homolog of the deleted chromosome. | | |This is known as: | |A) |a deletion heterozygote. | |B) |a deletion homozygote. | |C) |dosage compensation. | |D) |a triplolethal chromosome. | |Ans:  Ã‚  A | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |28. |Individuals born heterozygotes for certain deletions have a greatly increased risk of losing both copies of certain genes and | | |developing cancer. One such disease is: | |A) |triplolethal. | |B) |scarlet eyes. | |C) |retinoblastoma. | |D) |cataracts. | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |29. |During the pairing of homologs in prophase of meiosis I, the region of a normal, nondeleted chromosome that has nothing with | | |which to recombine forms a so-called: | |A) |inversion loop. | |B) |deletion heterozygote. | |C) |crossover suppressor. | |D) |deletion loop. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |30. Using Drosophila polytene chromosomes and small deletions, geneticists have been able to: | |A) |map the shaker-1 gene in Drosophila. | |B) |assign genes to regions of one or two polytene chromosome bands. | |C) |assign genes to regions of 100kb or less of DNA. | |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |31. |Which of the following molecular techniques could a scientist use to help locate gene s on cloned fragments of DNA with deletion | | |mutants? |A) | In situ hybridization | |B) |Crossover analysis | |C) |Southern blot analysis | |D) |all of the above | |E) |both a and c | | |Ans:  Ã‚  E | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |32. |Duplications arise by: | |A) |chromosomal breakage and faulty repair. | |B) |unequal crossing over. | |C) |errors in replication. |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |33. |During the pairing of homologs in prophase of meiosis I, the region of a chromosome bearing extra copies of a particular | | |chromosomal region that has nothing with which to recombine forms a so-called: | |A) |inversion loop. | |B) |deletion heterozygote. | |C) |duplication loop. | |D) |deletion loop. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |34. An inversion may result from: | |A) |a half-circle rotation of a chromosomal region following two double-strand breaks in a chromosome's DNA. | |B) |the action of a transposable element. | | C) |a crossover between DNA sequences present in two positions on the same chromosome in inverted orientation. | |D) |all of the above | |E) |none of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |35. Inversions may be hard to detect because they: | |A) |never visibly change chromosome banding patterns. | |B) |increase recombination in heterozygotes. | |C) |do not usually cause an abnormal phenotype. | |D) |normally are removed immediately in natural populations. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |36. |Which of the following does not happen when an intragenic inversion occurs? |A) |One part of the gene is relocated to a distant region of the chromosome. | |B) |One part of the gene stays at its original site. | |C) |Homozygotes for the inversion do not survive. | |D) |The gene's function is not disrupted. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |37. |When a crossover occurs within the inversion loop of a pericentric inversion each recombinant chromat id will have: | |A) |a single centromere. | |B) |a duplication of one region. | |C) |a deletion different from the one of duplication. |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |38. |Robertsonian translocations result from which of the following? | |A) |Breaks at or near the centromeres of two acrocentric chromosomes followed by the reciprocal exchange of broken parts. | |B) |A part of one chromosome becomes attached to a non-homologous chromosome. | |C) |Unequal crossing over during meiosis. | |D) |The fusion of two small chromosomes end-to-end such that a double centromere occurs. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  A | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |39. |Which of the following does not usually show a problem during meiosis? |A) |translocation heterozygotes | |B) |translocation homozygotes | |C) |paracentric inversion | |D) |pericentric inversion | | |Ans:  Ã‚  B | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |40. |Of the following segregation patterns, which one is most likely to result in a normal zygote? |A) |alternate | |B) |adjacent-1 | |C) |adjacent-2 | |D) |nondisjunction | | |Ans:  Ã‚  A | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |41. |The condition of semisterility is most closely associated with: | |A) |chromosomal duplications. | |B) |pericentric inversions. | |C) |translocation heterozygotes. | |D) |translocation homozygotes. | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |42. |Translocations can help: | |A) |determine linkage groups. | |B) |aid in the diagnosis and treatment of certain cancers. | |C) |map important genes. | |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |43. Down Syndrome can result from: | |A) |three copies of chromosome 21. | |B) |a translocation of a part of chromosome 21. | |C) |a reciprocal translocation between any two autosomes. | |D) |a and b | |E) |a, b, and c | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |44. |Which of the following do translocations and inversions not have in common? |A) |don't alter the amount of DNA in the genome | |B) |ability to alter gene function | |C) |use of inversion loops during crossing over | |D) |catalysts of speciation | | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |45. |A transposition is considered a cytologically invisible sequence rearrangement. With which of the following does it share this | | |property? |A) |small deletion | |B) |large duplication | |C) |inversion | |D) |translocation | | |Ans:  Ã‚  A | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |46. |Barbara McClintock is most closely associated with which of the following? | |A) |The initial discovery of genetic transposition. | |B) |The discovery of transposable elements in corn. | |C) |The mutation rate in translocation heterozygotes. | |D) |The demonstration of the presence of transposable elements in polytene chromosomes. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  B | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |47. |Transposable elements have many things in common.Which of the following is not a usual characteristic of them? | |A) |Typically small er than 50 bp. | |B) |May be present in a genome from one to thousands of times. | |C) |Are found only in a select group of organisms. | |D) |Need not be sequences that do something for the organism. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  A | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |48. |Retroposons and retro-viruses have structural parallels. Which of the following also shares structural parallels with them? |A) |tRNA | |B) |DS-DNA | |C) |rRNA | |D) |mRNA | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |49. |Which of the following is a possible effect that a transposable element may have on a gene? | |A) |Shift the reading frame. | |B) |Diminish the efficiency of splicing. | |C) |Provide a transcription stop signal. | |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |50. Which of the following is not an aneuploidy? | |A) |monosomy | |B) |tetraploid | |C) |trisomy | |D) |tetrasomy | | |Ans:  Ã‚  B | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |51. |The most common human aneuploidy is trisomy 21, Down syndrome .All of the effects listed below may be seen in this syndrome | | |except: | |A) |death always by age 25. | |B) |mental retardation. | |C) |skeletal abnormalities. | |D) |heart defects. | |E) |increased susceptibility to infection. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  A | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |52. |Which of the following sex chromosome aneuploidies is not usually seen in live births? | |A) |XO |B) |XXY | |C) |YO | |D) |XXX | |E) |None of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |53. |Turner syndrome, XO, is a sex chromosome aneuploidy. Of the effects listed below, which one is not usually seen in this | | |syndrome? |A) |unusually short stature | |B) |infertility | |C) |skeletal abnormalities | |D) |unusually long limbs | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |54. |In Drosophila, a gynandromorph, which is composed of equal parts male and female tissue, results from: | |A) |an XX female losing one X chromosome during the first mitotic division after fertilization. | |B ) |an egg carrying an X chromosome fertilized by a Y-carrying sperm. | |C) |a normal egg fertilized by both an X-carrying sperm and a Y-carrying sperm. | |D) |the fusion of a female embryo with a male embryo. | |Ans:  Ã‚  A | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |55. |Which of the following is not an example of a euploid condition? | |A) |triploidy | |B) |diploidy | |C) |Down syndrome | |D) |tetraploidy | | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |56. Triploid organisms usually result from: | |A) |the union of haploid and diploid gametes. | |B) |unequal disjunction during embryogenesis. | |C) |propagation of fused cell lines. | |D) |fusion of three gametes simultaneously. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  A | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |57. |During mitosis, if the chromosomes in a diploid tissue fail to separate after replication, the resulting daughter cells will be:| |A) |monoploid. | |B) |tetrasomic. |C) |triploid. | |D) |tetraploid. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  D | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |58. |Hybrids in whi ch the chromosome sets come from two distinct, though related, species are known as: | |A) |autopolyploids. | |B) |allopolyploids. | |C) |amphiploids. | |D) |bivalents. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  B | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |59. |The genus Triticale is a new genus of the various allopolyploid hybrids between wheat and rye.Some of the members of this genus| | |show agricultural promise because: | |A) |wheat has a high yield. | |B) |rye adapts well to unfavorable environments. | |C) |wheat has a high level of protein. | |D) |rye has a high level of lysine. | |E) |all of the above | | |Ans:  Ã‚  E | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |60. |Which of the following rarely, if ever, results in a positive force for evolution? |A) |polyploidy | |B) |allopolyploidy | |C) |trisomy | |D) |amphidiploidy | | |Ans:  Ã‚  C | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | Matching | |Match the following descriptions with the terms below a. inversion b. duplication c. deletion d. translocation e. transposable element |61. |A pi ece of genetic material that moves from place to place in the genome. | |Ans: |e | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |62. |A change in the genome whereby new material is added to the genome. | |Ans: |b | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |63. |A change in the genetic material where a DNA sequence changes direction. |Ans: |a | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |64. |A decrease of genetic material in the genome. | |Ans: |c | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |65. |A piece of chromosome attaches to another chromosome. | |Ans: |d | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | | | Match the following descriptions with the terms below a. retroposon b. transposon c. transposable element d. transposase |66. |Any DNA segment that moves about in the genome. |Ans: |c | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |67. |Moves in the genome with the aid of an RNA intermediate. | |Ans: |a | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |68. |Moves DNA directly. | |Ans: |b | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |69. |An enzyme that catalyzes a transposition event. | |Ans: |d | | |Difficu lty:  Ã‚  1 | True or False |70. |When comparing mouse and human Giemsa-stained karyotypes, we see no conservation of banding patterns. | |Ans:  Ã‚  True | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |71. |Karyotypes generally remain constant within a species because rearrangements and changes in chromosome number occur | | |infrequently. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  False | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |72. |Changes in chromosome number include aneuploidy, monoploidy, polyploidy, and duplications. | |Ans:  Ã‚  False | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |73. |Deletion may arise from errors in replication, from faulty meiotic or mitotic recombination, and from exposure to X-rays. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  True | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |74. |Homozygosity for a deletion is often, but not always, lethal. | |Ans:  Ã‚  True | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |75. |Recessive mutations can often be covered by deletions in heterozygotes. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  True | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |76. |Most duplications have no obvious phenotypic consequences and can be detected only by cytological or molecular means. | |Ans:  Ã‚  False | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |77. |Duplication of chromosomal segments rarely has an effect on the evolution of genomes. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  True | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |78. |Crossing-over within an inversion loop produces aberrant recombinant chromatids. | |Ans:  Ã‚  False | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |79. |Reciprocal translocations are usually phenotypically abnormal because they have neither lost nor gained genetic material. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  True | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |80. |A hallmark of transposons is that their ends are inverted repeats of each other. | |Ans:  Ã‚  False | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  3 | |81. |The mouse genome has high synteny with the human genome since about 170 DNA blocks are simply rearranged between the two | | |genomes. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  True | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |82. |Euploid cells contain only incomplete sets of chromosomes. | | Ans:  Ã‚  False | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |83. |Down syndrome is an example of triploidy. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  False | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  2 | |84. |Genetic imbalance results from polyploidy. | |Ans:  Ã‚  False | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | |85. |An acentric fragment is an inversion cross-over product lacking a centromere. | | |Ans:  Ã‚  True | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  1 | Short Answer |86. |Explain how data from the linkage groups of the mouse can be used as a resource for assessing human linkage groups. |Ans: |Because virtually all genes cloned from the mouse genome are conserved in the human genome and vice versa, it is | | |possible to construct linkage maps for the two genomes from the same set of markers. Comparisons of the mouse and human| | |linkage groups allow one to see a picture somewhere between complete correspondence and unrelatedness. Genes closely | | |linked in the mouse tend to be closely linked in humans, but genes that are less tightly linked in one spe cies tend not| | |to be linked at all in the other. This shows that even though mice and humans diverged about 65 million years ago, the | | |DNA sequences in many regions are very similar. | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |87. |Explain the differences between chromosomal rearrangements and changes in chromosome number. Cite at least one example of each. | |Ans: |Chromosomal rearrangements reorganize the DNA sequences within one or more chromosomes. Changes in chromosome number | | |involve losses or gains of entire chromosomes or sets of chromosomes. (Student may cite as an example of | | |rearrangements: deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, and transposable elements. For changes in chromosome | | |number student may cite an aneuploidy such as a monosomy or trisomy, monoploidy, or polyploidy. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |88. |Describe how an inversion heterozygote can reduce the number of recombinant progeny. | |Ans: |When inversion heterozygotes have chromosomes pair up duri ng meiosis, an inversion loop is formed to allow the tightest| | |possible alignment of homologous regions. This always produces aberrant recombinant chromatids. Two inversion cases are| | |possible – pericentric and paracentric. In a pericentric crossover within the inversion loop each recombinant will | | |carry a duplication of one region and a deletion of another.This abnormal dosage of some genes will result in abnormal| | |gametes and if they fertilize normal gametes, zygotes may die because of genetic imbalance. In a paracentric crossover | | |within the inversion loop the recombinant chromatids will be unbalanced in both gene dosage and centromere number. | | |(Student may then explain how centromere number can result in genetically unbalanced gametes such as what acentric and | | |dicentric chromatids would produce. ) | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |89. Discuss the several effects that translocations and inversions have in common. | |Ans: |Both translocations and inver sions change genomic position without affecting the total amount of DNA. If a breakpoint | | |of either one is within a gene, the gene function may be altered or lost. Both types may produce genetically imbalanced| | |gametes that may negatively affect a zygote or developing embryo. (Student may explain at this point the differences | | |between how the imbalanced gametes are produced. ) Because both reduce viable progeny and heterozygotes, they may play a| | |role in speciation and evolution. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |90. Explain the possible effects that a transposable element may have on a gene. | |Ans: |Insertion of a transposable element near or within a gene can affect gene expression and alter phenotype. For example, | | |a B type hemophilia occurs after insertion of Alu into the gene encoding clotting factor IX. Secondly, the effect of | | |insertion depends on what the element is and where the insertion point is. If insertion is into a protein-coding exon, | | |the readi ng frame may shift or a stop codon may be introduced. Insertion into an intron may lower the efficiency of | | |splicing, which may result in removal from the transcript that could lower production of a normal polypeptide.A stop | | |signal could also affect genes downstream. Upstream insertion into a regulatory gene could affect gene function in | | |various ways also. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |91. |Explain the mechanism by which aneuploidy occurs. | |Ans: |Aneuploidy occurs because of meiotic nondisjunction either in meiosis I or meiosis II. In meiosis I if homologs do not | | |separate all gametes produced will contain an error. Two of the gametes will contain both homologs and two will contain| | |neither.When fertilization of a normal gamete occurs by either of these abnormal gametes, aneuploidy results. Half of | | |the zygotes will be trisomic and half will be monosomic. Meiotic nondisjunction during meiosis II will produce two | | |normal and two abnormal gametes. If fer tilization occurs with either of the abnormal gametes, aneuploid zygotes are | | |produced. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |92. |Discuss why triploid organisms are almost always sterile. | |Ans: |(Student may explain how triploids occur. ) Triploids are almost always sterile because meiosis produces mostly | | |unbalanced gametes.During the first meiotic division in a triploid germ cell, three sets of chromosomes must segregate| | |into two daughter cells. Most likely one daughter will end up with two chromosomes and the other will have only one of | | |any one set of homologs. Some cells will have two of some chromosomes and the normal one of others. Many combinations | | |of incorrect number of chromosomes will occur with very little chance of the normal amount. Most gametes will be | | |aberrant and will have a reduced chance of producing viable offspring. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |93. |Discuss how deletions and duplications may contribute to evolution. |Ans: |General examples of how chromosomal rearrangements might contribute to evolution: | | |Deletions – a small deletion that moves a coding sequence of one gene next to a promoter or other regulatory element of| | |an adjacent gene may, rarely, allow expression of a protein at a novel time in development or in a novel tissue. If the| | |new time or place of expression is advantageous to the organism, it might become established in the genome. | | |Duplications – a duplication will provide at least two copies of a gene. If one copy maintains the original function, | | |the other could conceivably acquire a new function that would probably be related to the original function.Many | | |examples can be seen in higher plants and animals. (Students may also write about the evolutionary contributions of the| | |other chromosomal rearrangements and might even mention the role of changes in chromosome number. ) | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |94. |Why do inversions act as cross-over suppressors? | |Ans: |Inversions act as cross-over suppressors because only progeny that do not recombine within an inversion loop will | | |survive. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |95. |What is a balancer chromosome? |Ans: |A balancer chromosome is a special chromosome often created by the use of X-rays for the purpose of genetic | | |manipulation; these chromosomes often carry multiple, overlapping inversions that enable researchers to follow them | | |through crosses, and a recessive lethal mutation that prevents the survival of homozygotes. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |96. |What is the difference between alternate and an adjacent-1 segregation or an adjacent-2 segregation pattern? | |Ans: |An alternate segregation pattern results in balanced chromosomes while adjacent 1or 2 patterns yield chromosomes that | | |are unbalanced. | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | Experimental Design and Interpretation of Data |97. |We now know that several organisms have a high degree of synteny at the genomic level. You wish to test the hypothesis that the| | |laboratory mouse and human share genomic similarities. What tests would you complete and given that we now know that the mouse | | |and human genomes are highly syntenic, what results would you expect? | |Ans: |Karyotype analysis can be used to test the hypothesis of genomic similarities however, only animals that have high | | |homology will show similar banding patterns.Therefore, FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) would be a more | | |useful technique to determine synteny. The mouse and human genomes are similar in that approximately 170 similar | | |fragments an average length of about 18 Mb are simply rearranged (this is not visible in a karyotype). | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |98. |You are mapping traits in your favorite organism but unbeknownst to you, your laboratory model organism contains a rare | | |deletion. How will your mapping results be affected? |Ans: |The mapping distance will appear smaller than the actual physical distanc e in the wild-type organism. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |99. |You have discovered an altered phenotype and cloned the gene responsible. However, the gene you cloned appears to have an | | |unusual sequence in it. In order to determine the chromosomal location of your new gene, you perform FISH, using only the | | |unusual sequence, on several animals. To your surprise, the FISH results suggest that each animal contains the gene on a | | |different chromosome. How would you interpret your results. |Ans: |The unusual sequence is a transposon and your â€Å"new† phenotype arose via the disruption of its gene by the transposon. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 | |100. |You are a master gardener and your favorite tomato plant is very sensitive to a pesticide called DEADBUG. You wish to make your| | |special tomato plants resistant to the pesticide which you spray on other bushes in your garden. Using microbial techniques | | |give sufficient and complete details of how you would do this (include ploidy status). | |Ans: |Haploid pollen grains are cold treated and plated on agar plates.The resulting embryoids are treated with hormone in | | |liquid culture and eventually grown as a monoploid plant. The plant is treated with a mutagen to induce mutations that | | |can result in insensitivity to the pesticide. Somatic cells are removed from the treated plant and plated on agar | | |containing DEADBUG. Only cells resistant to DEADBUG will grow. Again the embryoid is hormone treated and grown into a| | |resistant monoploid plant. Treatment with colchicine will allow duplication of chromosomes without separation | | |resulting in a normal diploid plant. | | |Difficulty:  Ã‚  4 |

Does Ethnicity Impact on the Way We Experience Music Essay

Does Ethnicity Impact on the Way We Experience Music - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that as a social practice music plays a significant role in the process of constructing national and regional identities and the concept of ethnicity. It has acknowledged vital attention in recent ethnomusicological and other sociological studies. One can find that the study is directly pertinent to the requirements of researchers and professionals in music, musicology, ethnomusicology and social anthropology. Generally, music is considered as the most highly planned human expressions, and it can summarize a social, cultural or ethnic group’s common beliefs and ideologies with a better clarity. The multifaceted music of African-American and Latin traditions proffers a unique opportunity to demonstrate the vibrant relationship between music and culture. Correlation between music and black ethnicity often reveals the changing nature of black ethnicity and various musical styles as they replicate cultural identity. Cultural identity and ethnicity in Sakha are connected with its Pop Music and African –American identity and lifestyle have an obligatory relationship with their music.

Comparing the Qualities of Jacob and Joseph in the Bible Essay

Comparing the Qualities of Jacob and Joseph in the Bible - Essay Example diplomatically, either. When he had a series of dreams that showed in symbols his brothers and parents bowing down to him, he hastened to let them know about it. This arrogance inflamed his brothers further (The old testament). Isaac was forty years old when he married Rebekah. For twenty years they lived happily together. But like Abraham and Sarah, they had no children. Isaac pleaded with the Lord that he would bless them. So God gave them twins. Finally the big day came when the twins were born. The first came out red, and all hairy like an animal skin. They named him Esau. As Esau was born they noticed that the next child was being born holding onto Esau's heal. They named this son Jacob. As the boys grew up, Isaac seems to love Esau more than Jacob. One day Jacob was cooking up a nice lentil stew and some bread. But, before he ate it Esau came by on his way home from a hunting trip. Esau was very hungry and very tired. He had been hunting for a long time and caught nothing. Esau was starving so he begged Jacob to let him eat his nice stew. Jacob thought for a moment, and then said he would sell it to Esau for the birthright. The birthright was all the major possessions that a man owned that was always given to the oldest son. Esau was so hungry he thought that if he did not get something to eat right now he would die, so what difference would it make if he agreed to give Jacob the birthright. So Esau agreed to sell his birthright to Jacob for some bread and lentil stew. Jacob made Esau swear an oath on this agreement, and he did (Jacob and Isaac). Isaac was growing old, and he could not see well. He thought he was going to die soon, so he called Esau to him to give him the birthright blessing. While Esau was away to seek a deer, Jacod pretended to be Esau in front of his dying father and was able to get his father birthright blessings (Jacob tricks Isaac). Jacod not only took his brother's birthright, but also their father's birthright blessing as well, in those days, birthright blessing can only be given once. Even though Isaac realized later on that he gave the birthright blessing to the wrong son, he can no longer get it back. Jacob was a dishonest man due to his longing for earthly things. He tricked both his brother and father. He's actions where always governed by the flesh and its carnal desires. Jacod made two great mistakes: Firstly, he convinced his brother Esau to renounce his birthright. He has done this when Esau was so hungry and begging for food. Esau had no choice then but to submit to Jacob's condition in order not to die from hunger. Secondly, Jacob tricked his father Isaac. In order to get the birthright blessing from his father rather than to his brother, who is the oldest son. This made Esau very angry and planned to kill Jacob. The story of Joseph is what seems to be the other side of the coin. Joseph was the 11th son Jacob whom he loved the most. This made Joseph's brothers jealous and cruel with him. One day when they were all away from home, the bad brothers threw Joseph into an empty well after tearing off his coat which his father had given him. While Joseph was in the empty well, a caravan of merchants passed by. They picked him up and took him with them to Egypt as a prisoner

Acheiving Global Competitive Advantage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Acheiving Global Competitive Advantage - Essay Example The organization employs more than 320,808 people in 160 countries (Toyota Motor Corporation, Annual Report, 2009). TMC is a multinational company. It is a very popular auto company. It designs environment-friendly and superior technology cars. The company was established in the year 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda. However, the company gained global eminence in the year 1952. The company started advancing in leaps and bounds. North American was the first country to import the cars of Toyota (Source: Toyota Motor Corporation, Annual Report, 2008). TMC and Toyota Motor Sales joined forces in the year 1982 to augment the international presence of the company. There are 522 subsidiaries of the company. In 2008 the company had achieved the status of â€Å"The biggest automobile-manufacturer†, but the financial crisis of 2007 saw the fall in revenue generation of TMC. Its current global standing is number three. The company is based in Toyota City, Aichi in Japan (Toyota, Overview, 2011). The company took over General Motors in 2008. The company is proficient in designing and manufacturing an array of products. The main line of production ranges from luxury and sports vehicles. It also manufactures buses, minivans, trucks, and SUVs. These vehicles are manufactured using either hybrid or combustion engines (like Prius). The subsidiaries of Toyota (like Daihatsu Motor) are also proficient in auto manufacturing. Hino Motors (another subsidiary) manufactures buses and trucks. TMC also produces automotive parts. These are used in the vehicles made by TMC, as well as sold to other automobile manufacturers. The most popular Toyota models are Tundra Truck, Lexus Line, Land Cruiser, Corolla, and Camry. Toyota vehicles are very popular in Asia, which contributes to 40 percent of its sales (Toyota, Products and Services, 2011). TMC has expertise in not only car-manufacturing but also many other fields like e-Toyota business, afforestation,

Interventions associated with amiodarone therapy in Aterial Essay

Interventions associated with amiodarone therapy in Aterial fibrilation in a cardiac paitent - Essay Example In addition, the patient has ectopics. Importantly, an ECG done on the patient indicates arterial fibrillation. A day after his surgery, Mr. Patel’s blood pressure is found to be unstable. The other features identified with the patient one day after the operation are Good CO, Good CI, is normal ABG, 4.3 potassium, on inotropic support, sedated, ventilated , PICCO inserted . The 4.3 potassium was replaced with 20mmol of KCL. Lab results indicated magnesium levels of 0.98, which was replaced with 10mmol of magnesium. After carrying out TOE, it was revealed that the patient had heart muscle edematous. Hence, Cardioversion was forgone. Consequently, a 300mg loading dose of Amiodarone was started on the patient, followed by a 900mg maintenance dosage. The patient was back to SR the following day. This case study highlights the importance and effectiveness of using Amiodarone as medication against Mr. Patel’s arterial fibrillation, outlining and emphasizing the NICE guideline s observed during Mr. Patel’s treatment and management. In addition, the use of the NICE-recommended nursing observation, strategies and intervention practices on Mr. Patel are outlined. In the United Kingdom, it is reported that atrial fibrillation (AF), one of the most common class of arrhythmia managed in clinical practice, affects about 5% of the population aged 65 years and above. The condition is found in both genders with men reporting higher prevalence. As in the case of Mr. Patel, the disease is characterised by lack of synchronisation of rhythm between the ventricles and atria, thus disturbing his regular rhythm of the heart. AF is general regarded as an electrical energy disruption that causes the upper chambers of the heart to vibrate at an approximate rate of between 300 and 600 times a minute (NCC-CC, 2006). Although the overall mortality rate for atrial fibrillation has recently risen to the hitherto unseen levels of up to 90%, many doctors and nurses continue to disregard the potential of modifying the cardiovascular risk factors associated with this disease to reverse the situation (NCC-CC, 2006). As a matter of fact, it has been established that nurses have a great potential to positively contribute to the detection, prevention and management of this progressively common condition (Flegel, 1995). It has also been noted that people aged above 65 years old such as Mr. Patel, are the most affected by this condition. Interestingly, this age group account for huge portion of people under nursing care (NCC-CC, 2005). The role of nurses in Mr. Patel’s case is quite clear since his condition, and the fact that he is aged require that he is placed under intensive treatment and nursing care. For instance, that Mr. Patel just has just undergone surgical procedures and has his cardiac and metabolic systems’’ stability impaired makes his case rather care-intensive. Since most of AF’s signs and symptoms are asymptotic, it is recommended that nurses suspect the disease in patients with irregular pulses (Flegel, 1995). It is not enough to merely suspect the disease in such patients; nurses should do more by informing physicians and recommending referral to an electrocardiogram. The objectives of nursing observations and activities on Mr. Patel, after his surgery includes the following: to alleviate the signs and symptoms of AF and to prevent other related complications he might contract. Among the procedures that are likely to be applied should be suffer these complications